🌟 Introduction
In Part 1, we learned the fundamentals and architecture of TDB. Now in Part 2, we’ll dive deep into advanced features and optimization techniques used in real production environments.
What You’ll Learn
- Advanced TDB Features: Sharding, replication, backup and recovery strategies
- Distributed Architecture: Cluster configuration and load balancing
- High Availability Design: Fault tolerance and zero-downtime services
- Performance Optimization: Query tuning and index optimization
- Practical Project: Large-scale IoT platform construction
🚀 Advanced TDB Features and Architecture
Distributed Architecture Patterns
1. Sharding Strategy
Sharding Method |
Description |
Advantages |
Disadvantages |
Use Cases |
Time-based Sharding |
Data partitioning by time range |
Query performance optimization, compression efficiency |
Uneven data distribution |
IoT sensor data |
Hash-based Sharding |
Data partitioning by hash value |
Even data distribution |
Complex time range queries |
Log data |
Tag-based Sharding |
Partitioning by metadata tags |
Business logic optimization |
Possible shard imbalance |
Multi-tenant systems |
Composite Sharding |
Time + hash/tag combination |
Balanced performance |
Complex management |
Large-scale systems |
2. Replication Strategy
Replication Method |
Description |
Consistency |
Availability |
Performance |
Complexity |
Master-Slave |
Single master, multiple slaves |
Strong |
Medium |
High |
Low |
Master-Master |
Bidirectional replication |
Weak |
High |
Medium |
Medium |
Multi-Leader |
Multiple masters |
Weak |
High |
High |
High |
Leaderless |
All nodes equal |
Medium |
High |
High |
High |
3. Backup and Recovery Strategy
Backup Type |
Frequency |
Retention Period |
Recovery Time |
Purpose |
Full Backup |
Weekly |
1 year |
1-4 hours |
Disaster recovery |
Incremental Backup |
Daily |
3 months |
30 minutes - 2 hours |
Daily recovery |
Differential Backup |
Daily |
1 month |
1-3 hours |
Intermediate recovery |
Snapshot |
Real-time |
7 days |
5-30 minutes |
Fast recovery |
Query Optimization Strategy
1. Index Optimization
Index Type |
Creation Condition |
Performance Effect |
Maintenance Cost |
Recommended Scenario |
Single Column Index |
Frequently used columns |
Medium |
Low |
Simple queries |
Composite Index |
Multiple column conditions |
High |
Medium |
Complex queries |
Partial Index |
Conditional index |
High |
Low |
Filtered data |
Function Index |
Computed value index |
High |
High |
Transformed queries |
Bitmap Index |
Low cardinality columns |
Very High |
Medium |
Categorical data |
2. Query Pattern Optimization
Optimization Technique |
Description |
Performance Improvement |
Implementation Complexity |
Partition Pruning |
Scan only relevant partitions |
10-100x |
Low |
Column Pruning |
Read only necessary columns |
2-10x |
Low |
Predicate Pushdown |
Push conditions to storage layer |
5-50x |
Medium |
Join Optimization |
Efficient join algorithms |
3-20x |
High |
Subquery Optimization |
Convert subqueries to joins |
2-15x |
Medium |
3. Memory Optimization
Memory Area |
Optimization Strategy |
Effect |
Monitoring Metrics |
Buffer Pool |
Cache hit ratio optimization |
5-20x |
Buffer Hit Ratio |
Query Cache |
Cache frequently used queries |
10-100x |
Cache Hit Ratio |
Index Cache |
Keep hot indexes in memory |
3-15x |
Index Cache Hit |
Compression Cache |
Cache compressed data |
2-8x |
Compression Ratio |
🏗️ Distributed TDB Cluster Construction
Cluster Architecture Design
1. Node Configuration Strategy
Node Role |
Hardware Requirements |
Count |
Responsibilities |
Query Node |
CPU intensive, medium memory |
3-5 nodes |
Query processing, result aggregation |
Data Node |
Large storage, high I/O |
5-10 nodes |
Data storage, compression |
Metadata Node |
Stable storage |
3 nodes |
Cluster metadata |
Load Balancer |
Network optimization |
2 nodes |
Traffic distribution |
2. Network Design
Network Area |
Bandwidth Requirements |
Latency |
Purpose |
Client-Cluster |
1-10 Gbps |
< 5ms |
User queries |
Inter-node Communication |
10-100 Gbps |
< 1ms |
Data replication, synchronization |
Storage Network |
10-40 Gbps |
< 2ms |
Data I/O |
Management Network |
1 Gbps |
< 10ms |
Monitoring, management |
3. Data Placement Strategy
Placement Strategy |
Description |
Advantages |
Disadvantages |
Use Cases |
Round Robin |
Sequential data distribution |
Even load |
Poor locality |
Uniform workload |
Hash-based |
Placement by hash value |
Predictable placement |
Possible hotspots |
Key-value based |
Range-based |
Grouping consecutive data |
Locality optimization |
Uneven load |
Time-based data |
Region-based |
Geographic location grouping |
Latency optimization |
Complex management |
Global services |
🔧 High Availability and Disaster Recovery
Disaster Recovery Strategy
1. Failure Type Response
Failure Type |
Frequency |
Impact |
Recovery Time |
Response Strategy |
Node Failure |
Medium |
Medium |
1-5 minutes |
Automatic failover |
Network Partition |
Low |
High |
5-30 minutes |
Quorum-based decisions |
Data Corruption |
Low |
High |
1-24 hours |
Backup recovery |
Full Cluster |
Very Low |
Very High |
1-72 hours |
Disaster recovery |
2. Zero-Downtime Service Implementation
Implementation Technique |
Description |
Downtime |
Complexity |
Cost |
Rolling Update |
Sequential node updates |
0 seconds |
Medium |
Low |
Blue-Green Deployment |
Complete environment replacement |
1-5 minutes |
High |
High |
Canary Deployment |
Gradual traffic migration |
0 seconds |
High |
Medium |
A/B Testing |
Version-based traffic splitting |
0 seconds |
Very High |
High |
3. Monitoring and Alerting
Monitoring Level |
Metrics |
Threshold |
Alert Channel |
Response Time |
System Level |
CPU, Memory, Disk |
80% |
PagerDuty, Slack |
Immediate |
Application Level |
Query response time, throughput |
95th percentile |
Email, Slack |
5 minutes |
Business Level |
Data accuracy, availability |
99.9% |
SMS, Phone |
15 minutes |
User Experience |
Page loading time |
3 seconds |
Dashboard |
1 hour |
Project Overview
Build a large-scale platform that collects and analyzes real-time data from over 1 million IoT devices distributed across 50 countries worldwide.
System Requirements
Requirement |
Specification |
Target |
Device Count |
1,000,000+ devices |
Global IoT devices |
Data Volume |
10M+ points/second |
Real-time large-scale processing |
Response Time |
< 50ms |
Global real-time service |
Availability |
99.99% |
Enterprise-grade stability |
Scalability |
Horizontal scaling |
Unlimited scaling capability |
Architecture Design
1. Global Distributed Architecture
Region |
Data Center |
Node Count |
Capacity |
Role |
Asia |
Seoul, Singapore, Tokyo |
50 nodes |
500TB |
Asia regional data |
Europe |
London, Frankfurt, Amsterdam |
40 nodes |
400TB |
Europe regional data |
America |
Virginia, California, Oregon |
60 nodes |
600TB |
America regional data |
Global |
Global CDN |
100 nodes |
1PB |
Global replication and caching |
2. Data Flow Design
Stage |
Process |
Technology Stack |
Performance Target |
Collection |
Global device data collection |
MQTT, Kafka, InfluxDB |
10M points/sec |
Preprocessing |
Data validation and transformation |
Apache Flink, Kafka Streams |
< 100ms latency |
Storage |
Distributed time series storage |
InfluxDB Cluster, Apache Druid |
50:1 compression ratio |
Analysis |
Real-time analysis and aggregation |
Apache Spark, ClickHouse |
< 1 second response |
Visualization |
Real-time dashboards |
Grafana, Apache Superset |
< 500ms rendering |
3. High Availability Implementation
Component |
Redundancy Method |
Recovery Time |
Monitoring |
Load Balancer |
Active-Standby |
30 seconds |
Health Check |
Database |
Master-Slave + Read Replica |
1 minute |
Replication Lag |
Message Queue |
Cluster Mode |
2 minutes |
Partition Health |
Cache |
Redis Cluster |
10 seconds |
Cluster Status |
1. Query Optimization
Optimization Area |
Implementation Method |
Performance Improvement |
Monitoring |
Index Optimization |
Composite index, partial index |
10-50x |
Index Usage Stats |
Query Caching |
Redis, Memcached |
100-1000x |
Cache Hit Ratio |
Partition Pruning |
Time-based partitioning |
5-20x |
Partition Scan Stats |
Parallel Processing |
Distributed query execution |
3-10x |
Query Execution Time |
2. Storage Optimization
Optimization Technique |
Implementation Method |
Effect |
Cost Savings |
Compression Optimization |
ZSTD, Delta Encoding |
50:1 compression ratio |
95% storage savings |
Retention Policy |
Automatic data lifecycle |
90% data reduction |
90% cost savings |
Cold Storage |
S3, Glacier archive |
99% cost savings |
Long-term storage optimization |
Data Deduplication |
Identify and remove duplicate data |
30% storage space savings |
Operational cost savings |
Monitoring and Operations
1. Comprehensive Monitoring Dashboard
Monitoring Area |
Key Metrics |
Threshold |
Alert Rules |
System Performance |
CPU, Memory, Disk, Network |
80% usage |
Immediate alert |
Data Quality |
Data accuracy, completeness, consistency |
99.9% quality |
Alert within 15 minutes |
Business Metrics |
Device online rate, data collection rate |
99% availability |
Alert within 5 minutes |
User Experience |
Query response time, dashboard loading |
< 1 second |
Alert within 1 hour |
2. Automated Operations
Operation Area |
Automation Function |
Trigger Condition |
Execution Result |
Scaling |
Automatic node addition/removal |
CPU > 80% for 5 minutes |
20% capacity increase |
Backup |
Automatic backup and validation |
Daily at 2 AM |
Backup completion notification |
Disaster Recovery |
Automatic failover |
Node failure detection |
Recovery within 1 minute |
Performance Tuning |
Automatic index optimization |
Query performance degradation |
50% performance improvement |
🎯 Advanced Optimization Techniques
Memory Optimization
1. Memory Pool Management
Memory Area |
Size |
Purpose |
Optimization Strategy |
Buffer Pool |
70% of system memory |
Data page caching |
LRU algorithm |
Query Cache |
10% of system memory |
Query result caching |
TTL-based expiration |
Index Cache |
15% of system memory |
Index page caching |
Hot index priority |
Temporary Memory |
5% of system memory |
Sorting, hash joins |
Dynamic allocation |
2. Garbage Collection Optimization
GC Strategy |
Description |
Advantages |
Disadvantages |
Application Scenario |
Serial GC |
Single-threaded GC |
Low overhead |
Long pauses |
Small systems |
Parallel GC |
Multi-threaded GC |
Fast processing |
High CPU usage |
Medium-scale systems |
G1 GC |
Region-based GC |
Predictable pauses |
Complex tuning |
Large-scale systems |
ZGC |
Low-latency GC |
Very short pauses |
High memory usage |
Real-time systems |
Network Optimization
1. Protocol Optimization
Protocol |
Optimization Technique |
Performance Improvement |
Implementation Complexity |
TCP |
TCP_NODELAY, SO_REUSEADDR |
20-50% |
Low |
HTTP/2 |
Multiplexing, header compression |
30-70% |
Medium |
gRPC |
Binary protocol, streaming |
50-100% |
High |
UDP |
Custom protocol |
100-300% |
Very High |
2. Compression Optimization
Compression Level |
Compression Ratio |
Processing Speed |
CPU Usage |
Application Scenario |
No Compression |
1:1 |
Fastest |
0% |
Real-time processing |
Fast Compression |
2:1 ~ 5:1 |
Fast |
10-20% |
General purpose |
Balanced Compression |
5:1 ~ 10:1 |
Medium |
30-50% |
Storage optimization |
Maximum Compression |
10:1 ~ 50:1 |
Slow |
70-90% |
Long-term storage |
🔍 Troubleshooting and Problem Solving
Issue Type |
Symptoms |
Cause |
Solution |
Prevention |
Slow Queries |
Response time > 5 seconds |
Inappropriate indexes |
Add/modify indexes |
Query profiling |
Memory Shortage |
OOM errors |
Large joins/sorts |
Increase memory, optimize queries |
Resource monitoring |
Lock Contention |
Deadlocks, increased wait time |
Concurrency issues |
Optimize transactions |
Lock monitoring |
Network Bottleneck |
High network latency |
Insufficient bandwidth |
Network upgrade |
Bandwidth monitoring |
2. Storage Space Issues
Issue Type |
Symptoms |
Cause |
Solution |
Prevention |
Disk Shortage |
Disk usage > 90% |
Data growth |
Compression, retention policy |
Capacity planning |
Index Bloat |
Index size increase |
Inefficient indexes |
Index reorganization |
Index monitoring |
Fragmentation |
Performance degradation |
Disk fragmentation |
Disk defragmentation |
Regular maintenance |
Backup Failure |
Insufficient backup space |
Backup size increase |
Compressed backup |
Backup policy optimization |
Disaster Recovery Procedures
1. Failure Detection and Analysis
Stage |
Task |
Responsible |
Time |
Deliverable |
Detection |
Alert reception, status check |
On-call engineer |
1 minute |
Incident report |
Analysis |
Log analysis, root cause identification |
Senior engineer |
15 minutes |
Root cause analysis |
Response |
Apply temporary solution |
Full team |
30 minutes |
Service recovery |
Recovery |
Implement fundamental solution |
Development team |
2 hours |
Complete recovery |
2. Post-incident Analysis and Improvement
Stage |
Task |
Duration |
Output |
Improvements |
Post-mortem |
Incident cause analysis, impact assessment |
1 week |
Incident report |
Root cause identification |
Improvement Plan |
Establish recurrence prevention measures |
2 weeks |
Improvement roadmap |
System strengthening |
Implementation |
Monitoring and automation improvements |
1 month |
Improved system |
Stability enhancement |
Validation |
Testing and review |
2 weeks |
Validation report |
Quality assurance |
📚 Learning Summary
Key Concepts Review
- Advanced TDB Features
- Sharding, replication, backup and recovery strategies
- Distributed architecture and clustering
- High availability and zero-downtime services
- Performance Optimization
- Index optimization and query tuning
- Memory and network optimization
- Compression and storage optimization
- Practical Application
- Large-scale IoT platform construction
- Global distributed architecture
- Automated operations and monitoring
- Problem Solving
- Performance issue diagnosis and resolution
- Disaster recovery procedures
- Continuous improvement
Next Steps
What we’ll cover in Part 3:
- TDB integration with other systems
- Cloud-native TDB architecture
- Latest TDB trends and future outlook
- Practical project completion and deployment
🎯 Key Takeaways
- Distributed Architecture is Key: For large-scale systems, distributed design that overcomes single-node limitations is essential
- Performance Optimization is Continuous: Continuous optimization and tuning are necessary as the system grows
- High Availability is a Business Requirement: Service continuity is a core element of business success
- Monitoring and Automation: Proactive monitoring and automated operations are the core of stability
- Importance of Practical Experience: The combination of theory and actual operational experience creates expertise
Through advanced TDB features and optimization techniques, you can build the capabilities to construct production-grade systems. Now let’s cover final integration and deployment in Part 3! 🚀